-- Jennie Miller PhD Candidate ![]() Hunting_Cripple Creek Colorado In suburban neighborhoods across the globe, it is no longer surprising to see deer grazing outside downtown offices in the mid-day sun, brazenly snacking along sidewalks or grazing on gardens as pedestrians pass within petting distance. These animals, once cherished for their shy and flighty nature, now boldly roam among humans and their property, spreading disease and environmental devastation in their wake. Managers have had little success in their attempts to control overabundant ungulates with common methods such as culling and contraceptives, which are also costly and controversial. However, a recent review published in the Journal of Applied Ecology presents a new wildlife management tool that may offer a less bloody and more effective alternative: fear. Over the past decade, ecologists have found mounting evidence of an idea that horror films have exploited over the last century – that the threat of death is scarier than death itself. Just as countless starlets have cowered from mere threats of torture from dark-hooded movie murders, prey animals make great sacrifices to avoid the simple threat of attack from wild carnivores. Just the presence of predators – be they tarantulas, terns or tigers – can elevate stress levels in their prey that hamper feeding, reproduction and ultimately survival. In essence, predators terrify their prey long before they pounce. The non-lethal ‘fear effects’ from carnivores can constrain prey populations as strongly as – if not stronger than – actual kills made by carnivores. Yet most management programs aimed at reducing overabundant deer populations have ignored fear effects, instead using methods such as hunting and birth control that rely on mortality alone to control ungulates. In their March 2013 article, Dr. Joris Cromsig and colleagues highlight the importance of incorporating fear effects into ungulate management. Humans should, basically, scare ungulates to death. Cromsig et al. suggest adapting current practices of hunting to generate greater fear in ungulates. By extending the hunting season and area, hunters could evoke greater and more constant levels of fear in ungulates, creating stress that reduces herd sizes and shifts grazing patterns. But can humans adequately fill the role of large carnivores and limit ungulate populations through fear alone? As a doctoral student who spends hours contemplating how fear affects prey, I found Cromsig et al.’s suggestion intriguing yet in need of additional discussion. In applying ideas about the ‘ecology of fear’ to practical management, Cromsig and colleagues contribute to an emerging conversation on predation risk as a management tool (for examples see Berger 2007 and Treves et al. 2011). Non-lethal fear effects do appear to have great – and largely unexplored – utility for wildlife management issues such as ungulate overgrazing, livestock depredation and carnivore conservation. And by infusing fear effects into current practices of hunting implemented in countries worldwide, Cromsig et al. present a technique that could generate drastic changes with minimal cost and effort. ![]() Deer_Wodu Media While the theoretical framework is strong, several limitations offer challenges in implementing the idea of ‘hunting for fear’ as a management tool. For one, ecologists have yet to fully understand how the fear of carnivores varies spatially and temporally, as well as with predator hunting mode, so simulating fear effects in nature would be difficult. Furthermore, because game management involves humans as much as animals, hunters would need to adapt their fear effects uniquely by location to meet both cultural expectations and ecosystem composition. Cromsig and colleagues recognize these challenges and discuss them in their article. However, several additional issues would be valuable to consider when deciding whether and how to implement ‘hunting for fear’ for ungulate control. First, increasing human activity in natural spaces – even as a management tool – must be scrupulously considered because these efforts could easily result in unintended side effects on the ecosystem. Recreating carnivore fear effects with humans would be most applicable in areas where carnivore populations have been extirpated or reduced to densities where predators no longer generate significant fear effects on prey populations. If predators are still present in the environment (and even if they are not), the presence of humans could strongly disturb the ecosystem, creating more problems than solutions. Most carnivores, as well as numerous other species, are highly sensitive to human presence and spatially and/or temporally avoid human activity, altering their behaviors and roles within the food web. These types of unintended side effects on the ecosystem must be examined carefully prior to implementation to determine whether ‘hunting for fear’ could do more harm than good. Second, even with a low predator density, encouraging humans to spend more time in wild spaces might inflate human-wildlife conflict in parts of the world. For instance, bringing humans into jungles with low densities of tigers and leopards in an attempt to control their populous prey species (such as wild pigs and nilgai antelope, which are considered some of the worst crop-raiding pests in southeast Asia) could displace big cats from their last remaining habitats, cause them to hunt livestock and/or encourage attacks on people. At the least, increasing the chance of confrontation between humans and large carnivores could likely further amplify negative attitudes towards carnivores that already create challenges for conservation. Thus, ‘hunting for fear’ should likely not be attempted in locations where dangerous large carnivores still exist, even in low densities. Considering these concerns, it appears that ‘hunting for fear’ might generate the greatest ecological benefits with the fewest negative repercussions on humans and wild species alike in areas where carnivores have been extirpated and ungulate control is desperately needed to restore ecosystem health. Prime examples include the urban areas of many developed countries in Europe and North America, such as the United States where Cromsig et al. point to over-browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as the cause of the extinction of species such as White trillium (Trillium grandiflorum ). In these areas where large carnivores are locally extinct, people could functionally replace the fear effects on prey that carnivores once created when food webs were intact. Indeed, this possibility speaks to the powerful role that humans can play in the ecosystem and illustrates the importance of a new perspective that incorporates humans into food webs, such as human-nature coupling (Liu et al. 2007). The incorporation of fear into hunting as a management tool requires careful forethought and small-scale experimentation to avoid devastating side effects, such as those that have accompanied the introduction of invasive species to control agricultural pests. I encourage particular forethought prior to the application of ‘hunting for fear’ in countries with poor forest management infrastructure, where hunting may be especially difficult to regulate. Overall, incorporating fear effects into hunting may offer an innovative technique for controlling ungulate populations. ‘Hunting for fear’ is a prime example of a practical tool that applies principles from species interactions to solve an ecological problem. These types of tools are rare yet essential if science-informed management is to rigorously address the complexities of species and ecosystem conservation.
81 Comments
<a href="https://softpiq.com">https://softpiq.com</a>
Reply
What an interesting post.
Reply
What an interesting post.
Reply
What an interesting post.
Reply
This site is providing a full professional ecommerce solution. It helps these who want to grow/start business on amazon/ebay/facebook/etsy/walmart or this site can help suspended users to reinstate their accounts at a affordable price. <a href="https://www.tnsell.com" rel="dofollow">hello</a>
Surya Skies is a smart place where you will love to walk in the open sky. There are a excessiveness of facilities and amenities that are well-equipped in this project and help your top enhance your living standard in one go. Surya Skies Punawale unfold across a magnificent area and allow you to enjoy privacy at its best
GK Associates and Aishwaryam Builder presents MIRAI - Advantage Homes Tathawade designs developed for everyday convenience propels you towards a far better future. Combining the multiple needs of your present and also the anticipated needs for your future, GK Aishwaryam Mirai providing thoughtfully designed multidimensional houses for sale in Punawale, Pune. 10/19/2016 10:39:57 pm
I am genuinely thankful to the owner of this website who has shared this fantastic piece of writing at at this place.
Reply
9/5/2018 03:24:15 am
Thanks for sharing this with all of us. It is very informative and valuable Source to read and for collecting some knowledge. The Hunter International Livestock is a Fermoy based livestock export company that primarily engaged in the producing, trading and transporting all kinds of livestock within Egypt and abroad.
Reply
11/6/2018 04:05:10 pm
wow, very interesting article.thank you, man.
Reply
12/15/2018 03:41:21 am
<a href="http://www.kitapbasimfiyatlari.com/" rel="nofollow"><strong>Kitap basım fiyatları</strong>, Kitap basım maliyeti, <strong>Kitap Basim Fiyatlari</strong>, Kitap Basim Maliyeti, <strong>Kitap Fiyatlari</strong>, Baski Fiyati, <strong>Kitap Baski Maliyeti</strong>, Kitap Baski Fiyatlari, <strong>Kitap Yayin Maliyeti</strong>, Kitap Maliyeti, <strong>Kitap Dağıtım</strong>, Kitap Resimleme, <strong>Kitap Basım Maliyeti</strong>, Kitap Fiyatları, <strong>Baskı Fiyatı</strong>, Kitap Baskı Maliyeti, <strong>Kitap Basım Fiyatları</strong>, Kitap Bastırmak İsteyenler, <strong>http://www.kitapbasimfiyatlari.com</strong> </a><span id="ms-rterangepaste-end"></span>
Reply
Led fener, Led fener fiyatları, Fener Fiyatları, Fener Maliyeti, Lazer Fiyatları, Yeşil Lazer Fiyatları, Yeşil Lazer Pointer, Lazer Pointer, El feneri, Led El Feneri, Led Lamba, Toptan Led Fener, Toptan Lazer Pointer, Toptan Fener, Şarjlı Lazer, Yeşil Lazer, El feneri Fiyatları, Fener Fiyatları, http://www.ledfener.com
Reply
12/18/2018 08:21:34 am
Kitap basım fiyatları, Kitap basım maliyeti, Kitap Basim Fiyatlari, Kitap Basim Maliyeti, Kitap Fiyatlari, Baski Fiyati, Kitap Baski Maliyeti, Kitap Baski Fiyatlari, Kitap Yayin Maliyeti, Kitap Maliyeti, Kitap Dağıtım, Kitap Resimleme, Kitap Basım Maliyeti, Kitap Fiyatları, Baskı Fiyatı, Kitap Baskı Maliyeti, Kitap Basım Fiyatları, Kitap Bastırmak İsteyenler, http://www.kitapbasimfiyatlari.com
Reply
10/31/2019 11:33:53 am
<h1 class="title" style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 22px; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-weight: 700; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(206, 27, 40); position: relative; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pvcpets.com</h1><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Pvc malzeme üretimi yapıyoruz. 80 micron ve 900 micron malzeme üretiyoruz</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">80 – 150 micron arası Pencereciler ve Dosyacılar</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">150 micron ve üzeri Termoformcular kullanmakta</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Şeffaf ve Renkli bütün çeşitleriden üretim yapıyoruz</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Nakliye bize ait</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Sipariş sürenizden sonra 10 gün içinde malzemeleriniz teslim ediyoruz.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Teklif ve termin süresi hakkında detaylı bilgi için:</p><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(116, 129, 130); font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-size: 24px;"><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Pvc, Mono Pvc, Pvc – Pe, Pvc – Pepeelable, Pvc / Pe / Evoh / Pe,</span></a></strong><br></p><h4 style="font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px;"><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Pet, Mono Pet, </span></a><strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Pet / Pe, </span></a></strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"></a><strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Pet / Pe Peelable</span></a></strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">, Pet / Pe / Evoh / Pe, Vakum – Termoform, Termoform Ambalaj, Vakum Ambalaj, Plastik Ambalajlar, Endüstriye göre plastik ambalajlar, Ev ve Kimyasal Ambalajlar, Kişisel Bakım ve Kozmetik Ambalajları, Paketlenmiş Tüketici Malları, Sağlık ve İlaç Ambalajı, Yiyecek ve İçecek Paketleme, Ambalaj Çeşitleri, Düşük Yoğunluklu Polietilen (LDPE)</span></a><strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></a></strong><a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/" style="color: rgb(206, 27, 40);"><span style="font-size: 12px;">, Polietilen Tereftalat (PET, PETE) , Polipropilen (PP) , Polisitren , Polivinil Klorür (PVC, Vinil) , Yüksek Yoğunluklu Polietilen (HDPE)</span></a></h4>
Reply
10/31/2019 11:34:56 am
Pvcpets.com
Reply
ledfener.com,
Reply
2/15/2020 11:11:46 am
Thank you for a wonderful article. You were provide is very useful information for our
Reply
6/1/2020 12:33:30 am
I like the post. It really helpful for hunting. This grate blog. Thank you for sharing this post.
Reply
7/3/2020 06:58:40 am
Thank you for sharing your thoughts with us.
Reply
5/2/2021 12:51:18 pm
https://nadireser.net Sahaf, İkinci el kitap satış sitesi.
Reply
6/26/2021 05:05:16 am
Pvcpets.com sitemizde Pvc, Pet, Pvc rulo, Pet rulo, Pvc levha, Pet levha ürünleri satışı yapılmaktadır.
Reply
6/26/2021 05:05:59 am
<a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pvcpets.com</a> sitemizde <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pvc</a>, <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pet</a>, <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pvc rulo</a>, <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pet rulo</a>, <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pvc levha</a>, <a href="https://www.pvcpets.com/">Pet levha ürünleri</a> satışı yapılmaktadır.
Reply
7/1/2021 08:22:33 am
https://nadireser.net Sahaf, İkinci el kitap, 2. el kitap, ucuz kitap, Ucuz Kitap Al, nadir kitap, sahaflar çarşısı, kitap sahaf, sahaf kitap, sahaflar, online sahaf, ikinci el kitap sat, ikinci el kitap al, antika kitap, kitap, Kitap satış sitesi, Kütüphane, Kütüphane satışı, Kitap Satışı, Kitap Kiralama, ikinci el kitap satışı, Sahaf kitaplarının satışını yapmakta. https://nadireser.net/
Reply
3/29/2022 09:02:16 am
Excellent article! Your post is essential today. Thanks for sharing, by the way. If you are looking for coupon codes and deals just visit coupon plus deals dot com
Reply
I have to convey my respect for your kindness for all those that require guidance on this one field. Your special commitment to passing the solution up and down has been incredibly functional and has continually empowered most people just like me to achieve their dreams. Your amazing insightful information entails much to me and especially to my peers. Thanks a ton; from all of us.
Reply
8/21/2022 01:06:03 am
Glad to be one of the visitors on this awe inspiring web site : D.
Reply
9/8/2022 06:11:25 am
Aw, this was a really nice post. In idea I want to put in writing like this moreover – taking time and actual effort to make a very good article… however what can I say… I procrastinate alot and not at all seem to get one thing done.
Reply
9/11/2022 09:55:29 am
I like this website very much so much fantastic information.
Reply
9/17/2022 03:26:23 pm
As well as with predator hunting mode, so simulating fear effects in nature would be difficult. Furthermore, because game management involves humans as much as animals, Thank you for the beautiful post!
Reply
10/8/2022 01:22:15 pm
disaster movie is hilarious, i laugh for hours just watching that movie;;
Reply
10/13/2022 03:42:34 am
The exception to that is, of course, Impact Keto Gummies. In general, what's the downside? This article, in actuality, was created by a moron. Irregardless, "Every man is his own worst enemy." I have to back up my It controls your blood pressure claims with these facts and information. Party crashers actually turn to Impact Keto Gummies experts when this happens. The process of sifting through these metabolism and digestion power options takes very a lot of time. With all due respect, all of the other accessories are stock to have. There are also a lot of designs being taught for Impact Keto Gummies.
Reply
10/18/2022 12:27:04 am
I just put the link of your blog on my Facebook Wall. very nice blog indeed.,’-”,
Reply
10/19/2022 03:48:55 am
Reply
10/28/2022 09:49:52 am
By extending the hunting season and area, hunters could evoke greater and more constant levels of fear in ungulates, Thank you for the beautiful post!
Reply
11/1/2022 04:41:33 am
Reply
11/17/2022 04:46:15 am
Reply
11/18/2022 02:48:55 am
Keto MAX Science Gummies
Reply
I am only commenting to let you know of the remarkable experience our girl encountered reading the blog. She noticed many pieces, which included how it is like to possess an amazing giving nature to get certain people really easily learn certain multifaceted things. You undoubtedly exceeded visitors’ desires. I appreciate you for rendering the important, healthy, informative as well as easy tips about the topic to Kate.
Reply
11/19/2022 04:57:53 am
Can I recently say thats a relief to locate someone who in fact knows what theyre preaching about on-line. You actually realize how to bring a challenge to light making it critical. More people should check out this and see why side of the story. I cant believe youre no more well-known simply because you definitely possess the gift.
Reply
11/20/2022 01:55:16 am
Reply
11/21/2022 05:19:38 am
i like velvet seat covers because the texture is very special and i find it easy to clean..
Reply
12/8/2022 08:25:08 am
Do not pack risky resources and products like paints, oils, petrol, fuel, solvents, thinners, guns, oil lamps, and anything inflammable and explosive. Specialist elimination providers are not permissible to transfer such issues. So consider treatment what you will need to do with such issues.
Reply
12/11/2022 05:32:28 am
Thanks - Enjoyed this post, can you make it so I receive an email when you make a fresh post? From Online Shopping Greek
Reply
12/13/2022 02:56:39 am
We improve our clients’ lives by enhancing their houses, giving them a place to relax, reconnect, and revitalize while feeling proud of their achievements and home. Stones and Cabinets City delights our customers and makes them proud of their houses by making the complex simple.
Reply
12/13/2022 02:59:21 am
We are keen on improving the quality of life for our drivers and their families by providing the best technology, higher pay, premium benefits, and ensuring efficient operations and load planning that lets them maximize their home life without sacrificing safety or income.
Reply
12/13/2022 03:02:40 am
Knowledgeable and expert technicians at I-Cell Station identify your cell phone issues for free so that we can offer you the best possible solutions. We have expert-level solutions for all damaged cell phone devices, from screen replacements to charging ports and batteries, cameras speakers, back glass to motherboard level repairs.
Reply
12/13/2022 03:04:46 am
Blogging refers to writing, photography, and other media that's self-published online. Blogging started as an opportunity for individuals to write diary-style entries, but it has since been incorporated into websites for many businesses.
Reply
12/13/2022 03:06:59 am
At HFC Pizza & Subs we serve Pizza & Italian cuisine using only the freshest ingredients. You can also choose from our selection appetizers, salads, cheesesteaks, heros and much much more!!!!!
Reply
12/16/2022 02:25:31 pm
Do not pack risky resources and products like paints, oils, petrol, fuel, solvents, thinners, guns, oil lamps, and anything inflammable and explosive. Specialist elimination providers are not permissible to transfer such issues. So consider treatment what you will need to do with such issues.
Reply
12/23/2022 12:27:29 am
Reply
1/2/2023 06:26:40 am
I’m just commenting to let you know what a great discovery my cousin’s child obtained reading the blog. She noticed lots of things, which included how it is like to possess an amazing teaching character to get other folks effortlessly learn selected impossible topics. You undoubtedly exceeded readers’ expected results. Thank you for rendering such beneficial, safe, educational and even fun guidance on your topic to Lizeth.
Reply
1/5/2023 02:28:38 pm
eCommerce SEO Services Houston: Informatics Commerce is leading ecommerce SEO company houston providing best ecommerce soliutons to various clients and business in the USA.
Reply
Here's something that my virtual assistant relates to me, "He who hesitates is lost." even if it is the burning issue. Permit me explore a share of the potential mysteries to deliberate. I suspect that they were crying wolf.
Reply
2/6/2023 01:24:57 am
Hey! I’m at work surfing around your blog from my new apple iphone! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Keep up the outstanding work!
Reply
2/8/2023 03:28:46 pm
SEO Company Services Chicago: We are a leading SEO agency in houston, providing complete SEO company services chicago solutions to ecommerce websites form across the globe.
Reply
2/14/2023 05:57:07 am
Chaga mushroom tea appears to be shown a great deal of mankind through Ruskies artice writer Alexandr Solzhenitsyn using your partner’s new ‘Cancer Ward’ the spot predominant reputation has been curable of pisces with the help of the help of this relaxer. Chaga
Reply
Leave a Reply. |
Archives
November 2019
Categories
All
|